Movement and place in the African American past -- The transatlantic passage -- The passage to the interior -- The passage to the north -- Global passages.
Summary
Four great migrations defined the history of black people in America: the violent removal of Africans to the east coast of North America known as the Middle Passage; the relocation of one million slaves to the interior of the antebellum South; the movement of six million blacks to the industrial cities of the north and west a century later; and, since the late 1960s, the arrival of black immigrants from Africa, the Americas, and Europe. These epic migrations have made and remade African American life. This new account evokes both the terrible price and the moving triumphs of a people forcibly and then willingly migrating to America. Historian Ira Berlin finds a dynamic of change in which eras of deep rootedness alternate with eras of massive movement, tradition giving way to innovation. The culture of black America is constantly evolving, affected by (and affecting) places as far away from one another as Biloxi, Chicago, Kingston, and Lagos.--From publisher description.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 247-258) and indexes.
Contents
A peace treaty is signed, the war begins -- British intrigues in Congress -- The British capture of Philadelphia -- Occupied Philadelphia : the British move in -- The Major John Clark Jr. spy ring -- Occupied Philadelphia : the British move out -- Chasing a fox -- Commuter spies : New York and Philadelphia -- Spies along the Susquehanna River : Lancaster, Muncy, and York -- The traitor and the merchant -- Pittsburgh : Pennsylvania's frontier -- European adventures -- More British intrigues in Congress.
Summary
Philadelphia played a key role in the history of spying during the American Revolution because it was the main location for the Continental Congress, was occupied by the British Command, and then returned to Continental control. Philadelphia became a center of spies for the British and Americansas well as double agents. George Washington was a firm believer in reliable military intelligence; after evacuating New York City, he neglected to have a spy network in place: when the British took over Philadelphia, he did not make the same mistake, and Washington was able to keep abreast of British troop strengths and intentions. Likewise, the British used the large Loyalist community around Philadelphia to assess the abilities of their Continental foes, as well as the resolve of Congress. In addition to describing techniques used by spies and specific events, such as the Major Andre episode, Nagy has scoured rare primary source documents to provide new and compelling information about some of the most notable agents of the war, such as Lydia Darragh, a celebrated American spy.An important contribution to Revolutionary War history, Spies in the Continental Capital: Espionage Across Pennsylvania During the American Revolution demonstrates that intelligence operations on both sides emanating from Pennsylvania were vast, well-designed, and critical to understanding the course and outcome of the war.
The colonies and their churches -- The libertarians: Jefferson and Madison -- The icons: Franklin and Washington -- The philosophies: Adams and Jefferson -- The churches and the people.
"Enter into the centuries-long debate about justice for the African and African American inhabitants of Pennsylvania with this history, which spans from William Penn's colony to the twentieth-century political achievements of black political leaders. Learn about the growth of African American communities through the experiences of James Forten, Richard Allen, Octavius Catto, Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield, and many others. This is the ongoing story of 'making a home' in Pennsylvania." [from the publisher]
Includes insert map "The Civil War in Carroll County Maryland, the Gettsyburg Campaign".
Contents
North and South -- The first invasion, 1862 -- The cavalry battle, June 29, 1863 -- After the battle -- Troops at Westminster, 1863 -- Transportation, supply and communications -- Sending the news -- Troop movements in 1863 -- Plans for a battle along Pipe Creek -- North and South at Union Mills -- The last invasion, 1864 -- Carroll County towns in the Civil War.
Summary
"These are the accounts of citizens and soldiers who described Civil War events in Carroll County, Md., as they saw them during the war years a century ago. They are eye-witness accounts for the most part, by people who were there at the time and who were the very first to begin recording the history of the war. No other event in American history produced so much documentary material from so many individual sources as did the Civil War. The tremendous emotional impact of this gigantic conflict between Americans, who had lived in a state of comparatively peaceful and romantic isolation from anything so incomprehensible as an ideological war, inspired tens of thousands of both literate and illiterate soldiers and civilians to record the most minute details of their daily experiences, as though they thought posterity would never believe that mankind could produce such vast and terrible chaos"--Preface.
