the ice into central Pennsylvania (Clark and Ciolkosz 1988; Martin 1958; Watts 1983). Vegetation zones shifted northwards rapidly as the ice melted and retreated (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987; Gaudreau 1988; Webb et al. 1987), but spruce trees were common in the Middle Atlantic region until about 1

County, Pennsylvania. 34Worner, William F., "The Race Riots", 182-187; and Ellis and Evans, A History of Lancaster County, 574. For an example of writings about splits in other black communities see Litwack, North of Slavery, 151-186, 247-279; August Meier, "Negro Class Struc- ture and Idealogy in the

Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, compiled a history of his involvement in the Underground Railroad. An interesting letter from Whipper was reprinted that recounted the latter's efforts in Columbia between 1847-61. Looking back on the decades preceding the war Whipper summarized:3 [...] it would have been

print through the years and will not be new to readers of church history �but we believe that this is the first time that an attempt has been made to correlate the work of Francis Asbury and Henry Boehm. In the preparation of this sketch we have extracted data from sev- eral books which tell us much

Henry Eichholtz Leman and His Production of the Pennsylvania Rifle Samuel K. Nolt Ever since the discovery of gun powder about the year 1000 A.D., firearms have been an essential aid to man in the continuance of his existence. Many are the times when the frontiersman could not have existed without

Samuel Breck and The Shaping of Public Education in Pennsylvania By Dorothy B" Gerlach Because time and history tend to treat people differently, a once honored person may, at the present time, be an unsung hero. A search of old records sometimes reveals this fact. Samuel Breck seems to fall into

JAMES D. McMAHON HISTORY OF THE SOLDIERS AND SAILORS MONUMENT IN LANCASTER How a Civil War monument event- ually came to the crossroads of Lan- caster where it has resisted successfully the efforts of anti-traditionists is told by a police officer with an interest in the monument and history. In

. 26. 3 George H. Burgess and Miles C. Kennedy, Centennial History of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company 1846-1947 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Railroad, 1949), p. 492. 4 Ibid., p. 492. 5 Lancaster Inquirer,20 December 1902, "Three New Bridges to Cross the River." 6 Ibid., 14 February 1903, "New Railroad

successful, both economically and socially. In relating events leading to the building of these two churches, a history of the Gap Nickel Mines must be given. The Gap Nickel Mines, located thirteen miles east of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in Bart Township, date back as early as 1718. 1 William Penn, because of

practice until about 1820. However, the Pennsylvania Germans employed irrigation before 1750. Postscript We should be able to learn from history and not repeat past mistakes. Of course, there may be safe satisfaction in judging people remote in time or place for examples of ignorance and avarice. We can be