275 saloons, 21 wholesale dealers, 7 bot­ tlers, 6 brewers, and 3 distillers in Lancaster County. By this time only the Rieker, Wacker, Sprenger, Haefner, Bube, and Columbia breweries were operating, but their combined production capacity was approximately 200,000 barrels per year. With the dark cloud

Survey. of 19th Century iron Industry in Lancaster County BY JACK WARD WILLSON LOOSE The romance of eighteenth century iron industry has appealed to many historians, novelists and artists. Mention of this dram- atic enterprise immediately suggests lovely stone mansions sur- rounded, plantation-wise

distressed citizens." Among the iron industries, Safe Harbor, Shawnee, Conestoga, and Henry Clay furnaces; and the Safe Harbor and Columbia rolling mills were closed." In capital investment and total wages paid, the iron industry ranked first in Lancaster County in 1860, and in second place for value of raw

anthracite fuel in its puddling furnaces.11 Availability of bituminous coal and coke from western Pennsylvania at Lancaster, Columbia and Marietta suggests the possibility of their use in puddling furnaces in Lancaster County after the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed across the state in 1854. 12 In fact

sensitive to differences in quality and more responsive to changes in price!' The growth of the American economy resulted in increased rail and coke pig iron production, both oriented toward western Pennsylvania," and neither helpful to Lancaster County iron makers. The last anthracite furnace built in

Wolf and James Dougherty, in 1838 were granted the first patent for a solid railroad car wheel casting. As the iron industry, both primary and secondary, that is, pig iron production and wrought iron shapes, and articles made from cast or wrought iron, developed in Lancaster County the interest in