successful, both economically and socially. In relating events leading to the building of these two churches, a history of the Gap Nickel Mines must be given. The Gap Nickel Mines, located thirteen miles east of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in Bart Township, date back as early as 1718. 1 William Penn, because of

, and now the new southern boundary of Hempfield, was a line ap- proximately the location of Charlestown Road running from Washington Borough to the Millersville Road near the Little Conestoga River bridge. Hempfield Township was further reduced in size when Manor Township was erected in 1759, which

not been pockets of earnest resistance in behalf of the local Democracy. The separation of Columbia from the township when the former be- came a borough in 1814 did not alter its position as the economic center of the township. Nearly every person on the sunny slope of the ridge and on land drained by