Skip header and navigation

Revise Search

10 records – page 1 of 1.

Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1822 #294
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Year
1822
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Container
Box 0002
People
Lloyd, James
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Manheim Twp.
Bridges
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Manheim Twp.
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1822 #294
Box Number
002
Notes
Entered into Q&A Aug 26, 2003.
Additional Notes
Bridges.
Payment for repairs to Binkley's bridge.
Lloyd, James.
1 item 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1830 #136
Date Range
1830
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Admin/Biographical History
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay.
Date Range
1830
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Container
Box 0010
People
Brooks, Henry
Brooks, Washington
Brown, Elizabeth
Bucher, David
Bucher, Fanny
Davis, William
Fittera, Elizabeth
Fittera, Stephen
Fryberger, Rebecca
Garst, W. George
Green, Biddy
Green, Michael
Hamler, Sarah
Keidler, Cyrus
Jacobs, Cornelius
Jacobs, John
Leader, Simon
Lisle, Catharine
Lynch, Lewis
Machin, William
McCane, Jacob
Meyers, A. Elizabeth
Morgan, Stephen
Nagle, Emanuel
Nagle, Henry
Plumb, Rebecca
Nace, Rebecca
Rice, William
Rollin, Henry
Rollin, Susanah
Roop, Henry
Saylor, Peter
Schwalge, Henry
Schwalge, John
Seals, Levina
Shaeffer, Henrietta
Shaub, Jacob
Stoner, Pennington
Wittig, Adam
Yost, Adam
Yost, Henry
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Marietta
Poor children
Students
Teachers
Place
Marietta
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1830 #136
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Box Number
010
Notes
Entered into Q&A 1994/08/23.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Brooks, Henry.
Brooks, Washington.
Brown, Elizabeth.
Bucher, David.
Bucher, Fanny.
Davis, William.
Fittera, Elizabeth.
Fittera, Stephen.
Fryberger, Rebecca.
Garst, W. George.
Green, Biddy.
Green, Michael.
Hamler, Sarah.
Keidler, Cyrus.
Jacobs, Cornelius.
Jacobs, John.
Leader, Simon.
Lisle, Catharine.
Lynch, Lewis.
Machin, William.
McCane, Jacob.
Meyers, A. Elizabeth.
Morgan, Stephen.
Nagle, Emanuel.
Nagle, Henry.
Plumb, Rebecca.
Nace, Rebecca.
Rice, William.
Rollin, Henry.
Rollin, Susanah.
Roop, Henry.
Saylor, Peter.
Schwalge, Henry.
Schwalge, John.
Seals, Levina.
Shaeffer, Henrietta.
Shaub, Jacob.
Stoner, Pennington. Teacher.
Wittig, Adam.
Yost, Adam.
Yost, Henry.
1 item. 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1822 #226
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Year
1822
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Container
Box 0002
People
Loutce, Ann
Sample, Joseph
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Strasburg
Poor children
Teachers
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Strasburg
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1822 #226
Box Number
002
Notes
Entered into Q&A 1993/12/02.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Loutce, Ann.
Sample, Joseph. Teacher.
1 item, 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1821 #217
Date Range
1821
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date Range
1821
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Year
1821
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Container
Box 0001
People
Criser, George
Criser, Mary
Kelly, Mary
Kelly, Sarah
Steward, John
Steward, William
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Marietta
Poor children
Teachers
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Marietta
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1821 #217
Box Number
001
Notes
Date entered into Q&A was not recorded.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Criser, George.
Criser, Mary.
Kelly, Mary.
Kelly, Sarah. Teacher.
Steward, John.
Steward, William.
1 item, 1 piece
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1821 #272
Date Range
1821
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date Range
1821
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Year
1821
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Container
Box 0001
People
Burkholder, Elizabeth
Burkholder, John
Charles, James
Cromwell, Samuel
Cromwell, Sarah
Hoffman, Tilman
Housekeeper, Thomas
Kale, Henry
Keesey, Elizabeth
Kelley, Edward
Kelley, Hugh
Kelley, Michael
Mayes, Eliza
McCloskey, Ann
McCloskey, Henry
Quest, Amelia
Radfong, Simon
Ross, Hannah
Shill, John
Stills, Mary
Strowhin, Samuel
Strowhin, Susannah
Watson, Joseph
Watson, Samuel
Welden, Elizabeth
Welden, Joseph
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Marietta
Poor children
Teachers
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Marietta
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1821 #272
Box Number
001
Notes
Never entered into Q&A.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Ross, Hannah. Teacher.
Shill, John.
Kelley, Michael.
Kelley, Hugh.
Kelley, Edward.
Keesey, Elizabeth.
Strowhin, Susannah.
Strowhin, Samuel.
Stills, Mary.
McCloskey, Henry.
McCloskey, Ann.
Mayes, Eliza.
Cromwell, Samuel.
Cromwell, Sarah.
Burkholder, John.
Burkholder, Elizabeth.
Housekeeper, Thomas.
Kale, Henry.
Charles, James.
Radfong, Simon.
Welden, Joseph.
Welden, Elizabeth.
Watson, Joseph.
Watson, Samuel.
Hoffman, Tilman.
Quest, Amelia.
1 item, 1 piece
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1824 #486
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Container
Box 0005
People
Bear, Barbara
Bear, Elizabeth
Bear, Isaac
Bear, Nancy
Bear, Peter
Bear, Rebecah
Bear, Samuel
Braubenter, Andrew
Braubenter, Jacob
Bubach, Catharina
Bubach, Elizabeth
Bubach, George
Coffry, Henry
Coffry, James
Conrad, Elizabeth
Conrad, John
Fidler, Benjamin
Fidler, Henry
Irwin, Daniel
Irwin, Elias
Irwin, Jonathan
Irwin, Susan
Kaenich, John
Kaenich, Phillip
Kaenich, Rebecah
Kissinger, Daniel
Kissinger, Elizabeth
Kissinger, Mary
Kissinger, Phillip
Lehr, Christian
Lehr, Jacob
Lutz, Coleman
Lutz, Elizabeth
McCracken, George
Shessler, David
Shessler, Joseph
Shessler, Mary
Shessler, Nancy
Shup, Martin
Shup, William
Wagoner, George
Weaver, Eliza
Weaver, Leah
Weaver, Maria
Weaver, William
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Manheim Twp.
Poor children
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Manheim Twp.
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1824 #486
Box Number
005
Notes
Entered into Q & A 1994/01/25.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Names taken from Lancaster County tax lists.
Bear, Peter. Father of Bear, Nancy, age 11; Bear, Elizabeth, age 9; Bear, Rebecah, age 6.
Bear, Samuel. Deceased. Father of Bear, Barbara, age 9 ; Bear, Isaac, age 7.
Braubenter, Andrew. Father of Braubenter, Jacob, age 9.
Bubach, Elizabeth. Mother of Bubach, George, age 10; Bubach, Catharina, age 8.
Coffry, James. Father of Coffry, Henry, age 10.
Conrad, Elizabeth. Mother of Conrad, John, age 8.
Fidler,Henry. Father of Fidler, Benjamin, age 10.
Irwin, Jonathan. Father of Irwin, Elias, age 9; Irwin, Susan, age 11; Irwin, Daniel, age 7.
Kaenich, John. Father of Kaenich, Phillip, age 9; Kaenich, Rebecah, age 6.
Kissinger, Phillip. Father of Kissinger, Elizabeth, age 11; Kissinger, Mary, age 9; Kissinger, Daniel, age 6.
Lehr, Jacob. [Deceased.] Father of Lehr, Christian, age 11. Orphan.
Lutz, Coleman. Father of Lutz, Elizabeth, age 9.
Wagoner, George. Uncle of McCracken, George, age 9.
Shessler, David. Father of Shessler, Nancy, age 10; Shessler, Joseph, age 8; Shessler, Mary, age 6.
Shup, Martin. Father of Shup, William, age 11.
Weaver, William. Father of Weaver, Leah, age 11; Weaver, Eliza, age 9; Weaver, Maria, 6.
1 item. 2 pieces.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #005
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Container
Box 0005
People
Eckert, H. S.
Binkley, Susan
Binkley, Elizabeth Ann
Binkley, Christian
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Strasburg
Poor children
Teachers
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Strasburg
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #005
Box Number
005
Notes
Entered into Q & A 1994/03/22.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Eckert, H. S. Teacher.
Binkley, Susan. Mother of Binkley, Elizabeth Ann; Binkley, Christian.
1 item. 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #011
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Container
Box 0005
People
Barr, Christiana
Barr, Eliza
Barr, Joseph
Benner, Casper
Benner, Eveanne
Benner, Philip
Cummins, John
Cummins, William
Ferree, Mary
Hall, Addison
McMurray, Hirem
McMurray, John
McMurray, Lucy
McMurray, Samuel
Miller, Daniel
Myer, Jacob
Paul, Ann
Paul, David
Paul, Eliza
Paul, John
Rice, Rachel
Rice, Rebecca
Rice, Sarah
Snider, John
Snider, Rebecca
Snider, Simon
Snider, Susana
Sollars, Abraham
Sollars, William
Stinehise, Christopher
Stinehise, Jacob
Stinehise, Jonas
Yeager, Mary
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Strasburg
Poor children
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Strasburg
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #011
Box Number
005
Notes
Entered into Q & A 1994/04/05.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Names from Lancaster County tax lists.
Barr, Joseph. Father of Barr, Christiana, age 11; Barr, Eliza, age 9; Barr, Joseph, age 7.
Benner, Philip. Father of Benner, Casper, age 8; Benner, Eveanne, age 5.
Cummins, William. Father of Cummins, John, age 10; Cummins, William, age 6.
Myer, Jacob. Father of Ferree, Mary, age 11.
Miller, Daniel. Father of Hall, Addison, age 9.
McMurray, Samuel. Father of McMurray, Hirem, age 6; McMurray, John, age 8; McMurray, Lucy, age 10.
Paul, John. Father of Paul, Ann, age 9; Paul, David, age 11; Paul, Eliza, age 7.
Rice, Rachel. Mother of RIce, Rebecca, age 10; Rice, Sarah, age 7.
Snider, Simon. Father of Snider, John, age 11; Snider, Rebecca, age 7; Snider, Susana, age 9.
Sollars, William. Father of Sollars, Abraham, age 6.
Stinehise, Christopher. Father of Stinehise, Jacob, age 7; Stinehise, Jonas, age 6.
Yeager, Mary. Mother of Yeager, Mary, age 8.
1 item. 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #013
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Container
Box 0005
People
Sample, Nathaniel W.
Burrows, Francis
Bolden, Nathan
Little, Francis
Russel, WIlliam
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Strasburg
Poor children
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Strasburg
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1825 #013
Box Number
005
Notes
Never entered into Q & A.
Additional Notes
Names of "Schoolmen" verifying poor children.
Sample, Nathaniel W.
Burrows, Francis Dr.
Bolden, Nathan Dr. "Dr. Bolden is gone to New Mexico not to return for several months, pperhaps nor for a year & perhaps never"
Little, Francis Capt.
Russel, WIlliam.
1 item. 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Object ID
CommOrder 1824 #248
Collection
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Title
Commissioners' order for payment
Description
This record group contains canceled orders that were issued by the county commissioners for payment to be made by the county treasurer. The orders show date, order number, amount, name of payee, purpose, and signatures of the county commissioners. In the case of "poor children," teachers were reimbursed by the county for tuition and/or the supplies purchased for students whose parents were unable to pay. Orders include: Poor Children, Almshouse, Bridges, Coroners' Inquests, Prisons, Roads, Court House, and Tax Exonerations.
System of Arrangement
The record group is organized chronologically, then arranged by order number within each year.
Date of Accumulation
1810-1901
Creator
County Commissioners
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Container
Box 0004
People
Bodenstall, Eliza
Bodenstall, Lydia
Bodenstall, WIlliam
Cromwell, Leah
Cromwell, Samuel
Cromwell, Sarah
Dunlap, David
Fittree, Betsy
Fittree, Stephen
Frederick, Eliza
Frederick, Lewis
Gharst, John F.
Humbler, Alexander
Humbler, Elizabeth
Humbler, John
Johnston, Mary Ann
Leader, Eliza
Leader, Mary Ann
Leader, Susana
Maginnis, Jane
Maginnis, Mary
March, Rebeca Ann
McNeal, Elizabeth
McNeal, Hannah
Snider, Lewis
Yost, Adam
Yost, Samuel
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Marietta
Mount Joy
Poor children
Teachers
Commissioners' Orders for Payment
Place
Marietta
Extent
70 boxes (35 cubic ft.)
Object Name
Order for Payment
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Condition Date
2008-03-25
Object ID
CommOrder 1824 #248
Box Number
004
Notes
Entered into Q & A Mar 6, 2002.
Additional Notes
Poor children.
Bodenstall, Eliza.
Bodenstall, Lydia.
Bodenstall, WIlliam.
Cromwell, Leah.
Cromwell, Samuel.
Cromwell, Sarah.
Dunlap, David. Teacher.
Fittree, Betsy.
Fittree, Stephen.
Flyhart John
Frederick, Lewis.
Frederick, Eliza.
Gharst, John F.
Humbler, Alexander.
Humbler, Elizabeth.
Humbler, John.
Johnston, Mary Ann.
Leader, Susana. Mother of Leader, Eliza.
Leader, Mary Ann.
Maginnis, Jane.
Maginnis, Mary.
March, Rebeca Ann.
McNeal, Elizabeth.
McNeal, Hannah.
Snider, Lewis. Mount Joy.
Yost, Adam.
Yost, Samuel.
1 item. 1 piece.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 08-01 0510
Description Level
Item
Less detail

10 records – page 1 of 1.