Skip header and navigation

Revise Search

10 records – page 1 of 1.

2 forgotten men of the Pennsylvania frontier

https://collections.lancasterhistory.org/en/permalink/lhdo3445
Author
Stoctay, G. G.
Date of Publication
1972.
Call Number
974.8009 S866
Responsibility
by G.G. Stoc-tay.
Author
Stoctay, G. G.
Place of Publication
Harrisburg, Pa
Publisher
Neo American Church,
Date of Publication
1972.
Physical Description
23 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.
Notes
This monograph is limited to 1000 copies of which this is number 80.
Subjects
Pennsylvania - History - French and Indian War, 1755-1763 - Personal narratives.
Location
Lancaster History Library - Book
Call Number
974.8009 S866
Less detail

American and English genealogies in the Library of Congress

https://collections.lancasterhistory.org/en/permalink/lhdo6111
Corporate Author
Library of Congress
Edition
2nd ed.
Date of Publication
1919.
Call Number
929.1 U58
Responsibility
comp. under the direction of the chief of the Catalogue division.
Corporate Author
Library of Congress
Edition
2nd ed.
Place of Publication
Washington
Publisher
G.P.O.,
Date of Publication
1919.
Physical Description
iv, 1332 p. 27 cm.
Notes
Compiled and edited by M.A. Gilkey. cf. Prefatory note.
Subjects
Library of Congress - Catalogs.
United States - Genealogy - Bibliography - Catalogs
Great Britain - Genealogy - Bibliography - Catalogs
Additional Author
Gilkey, M. A.
Additional Corporate Author
Library of Congress. Catalog Division.
Location
Lancaster History Library - Book
Call Number
929.1 U58
Less detail

American folk painting : selections from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. William E. Wiltshire III : an exhibition on display at the Virginia Museum, Richmond, November 29, 1977- January 8, 1978

https://collections.lancasterhistory.org/en/permalink/lhdo17225
Author
Woodward, Richard B.,
Date of Publication
1977.
Call Number
759.13 W912
Responsibility
organized by the Virginia Museum ; and circulated by the American Federation of Arts ; catalog compiled by Richard B. Woodward.
ISBN
091704603X
9780917046032
0917046021 (pbk.)
9780917046025 (pbk.)
Author
Woodward, Richard B.,
Place of Publication
Richmond
Publisher
The Museum,
Date of Publication
1977.
Physical Description
110 p. : col. ill. ; 26 cm.
Notes
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Subjects
Wiltshire, William E. - Art collections
Painting, American - Exhibitions.
Primitivism in art - United States - Exhibitions.
Additional Corporate Author
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
American Federation of Arts.
Location
Lancaster History Library - Book
Call Number
759.13 W912
Less detail
Collection
Collateral Appraisements
Title
Collateral Appraisements
Object ID
Coll App 1892 F007 H
Date Range
1892
Collection
Collateral Appraisements
Title
Collateral Appraisements
Description
Appraisements of real estate for inheritance tax. Some personal property appraisals are also included. Appraisals include: name of decedent; location and description of real estate; description of personal property; valuation of real estate and personal property; and assessed tax. May also include names of heirs. Arranged chronologically by year, then alphabetically by first letter of decedent's last name. Handwritten; from 1886, handwritten on printed forms.
System of Arrangement
Arranged chronologically by year, then alphabetically by first letter of decedent's last name.
Date Range
1892
Date of Accumulation
1849-1913
Year
1892
Creator
Register of Wills
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives West
Storage Container
Box 0007
People
Hobart, Henrietta W.
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Collateral appraisement
Collateral statement
Correspondence
Place
None
Extent
16 boxes (8 cubic feet)
Object Name
Appraisal
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Object ID
Coll App 1892 F007 H
Box Number
007
Additional Notes
Only: two correspondences and collateral statement.
3 items, 3 pieces
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 03-00 0312
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Collateral Appraisements
Title
Collateral Appraisements
Object ID
Coll App 1912 F002 M
Date Range
1912
Collection
Collateral Appraisements
Title
Collateral Appraisements
Description
Appraisements of real estate for inheritance tax. Some personal property appraisals are also included. Appraisals include: name of decedent; location and description of real estate; description of personal property; valuation of real estate and personal property; and assessed tax. May also include names of heirs. Arranged chronologically by year, then alphabetically by first letter of decedent's last name. Handwritten; from 1886, handwritten on printed forms.
System of Arrangement
Arranged chronologically by year, then alphabetically by first letter of decedent's last name.
Date Range
1912
Date of Accumulation
1849-1913
Year
1912
Creator
Register of Wills
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives West
Storage Container
Box 0011
People
McCullaugh, P. J.
McCullagh, P. J.
Subcategory
Documentary Artifact
Search Terms
Collateral appraisement
Lancaster
Letters
Affidavits
Place
Lancaster
Extent
16 boxes (8 cubic feet)
Object Name
Appraisal
Language
English
Condition
Fair
Object ID
Coll App 1912 F002 M
Box Number
011
Additional Notes
Or McCullagh, P. J.
Included letter and affidavit.
3 items, 1 piece
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Request at research desk. Photocopy made by staff member.
Classification
RG 03-00 0312
Description Level
Item
Less detail
Collection
Archive of Alice P. Fordney
Title
Archive of Alice P. Fordney
Object ID
HC0001
Date Range
1905-1974
: Archives North, Side 27 Scope and Content Note: This collection contains ephemera related to Alice Potter Fordney, antiques dealer and rugmaker. Items in the collection include business correspondence with Armstrong, F. Schumacher & Co., and the Montclair art museum; personal correspondence with friends
  1 document  
Collection
Archive of Alice P. Fordney
Title
Archive of Alice P. Fordney
Description
This collection contains ephemera related to Alice Potter Fordney, antiques dealer and rugmaker. Items in the collection include business correspondence with Armstrong, F. Schumacher & Co., and the Montclair art museum; personal correspondence with friends and family; hooked rug patterns; and antiques sale flyers from the early 20th century. Also included in the collection are newspaper clippings, including the obituary of Fordney's sister Ellen Franklin; reference material for rug making and interior design (informational sheets, books and patterns); several items related to the Yeates School, which Fordney's brother William Bush Fordney attended; several photographs of unidentified persons; and a statement related to the will of William J. Fordney, her uncle.
Admin/Biographical History
Alice Potter Fordney was born June 21, 1887 in Lancaster, the daughter of Ida Cox and Thomas Potter Fordney. A prominent antique dealer from the late 1920s to her retirement in 1965, Fordney also made and sold hooked rugs.
Fordney's family features prominently in Lancaster County history. Her maternal great-grandfather was John Michael, who owned the historic Grape Hotel from 1805-1839. Fordney's paternal great-grandfather William Jenkins built Wheatland in 1828 and later sold the property to President James Buchanan. Colonel William Bush Fordney, her paternal grandfather, was a prominent lawyer in Lancaster. He served as district attorney from 1839-1845 and negotiated for the loan that enabled Lancaster city to build the "water works" in the 1830s. Sarah Cox, her maternal grandmother, was a known philanthropist and for years helped to manage the Home for Friendless Children in Lancaster. Her sister, Ellen Fordney Franklin, was a "pioneer" in the industry of women's knit suits, opening her first shop in 1929 in Philadelphia.
Fordney never married. She kept in contact with her nieces and nephews, as evidenced by letters in the collection. According to notes provided by Wendell Zercher, Sarah Ellmaker McIlvaine Muench, her niece and the donor of the collection, recalled her as "warm and artistic," and "a character." She died April 17, 1973, at the age of 85.
Works Cited:
"Mrs. Franklin, pioneer of women's knit suits, dies." Daily Intelligencer Journal [Lancaster, PA], 10 May 1963, p. 2.
"Accident Fatal to Mrs. Sarah A. Cox." Daily Intelligencer Journal [Lancaster, PA], no date, page unknown.
"Miss Fordney, Antique Dealer, 85, Succumbs." Daily Intelligencer Journal [Lancaster, PA], 18 April 1973, p. 2.
"One of Lancaster's Most Prominent and Venerable Citizens Passes Away." Daily Intelligencer Journal [Lancaster, PA], 29 July 1889, p. 1.
Date Range
1905-1974
Year Range From
1905
Year Range To
1974
Date of Accumulation
1905-1974
Creator
Fordney, Alice Potter, 1887-1973
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Wall
Side 28
People
Appel, Charles Rengier
Bohlen, Sidney Franklin
Bowman, Mrs. Edward J.
Boyer, R. J.
Brenneman, Mary Rue Bard
Brown, Hazel Dell
Chiarell, Fred P.
Clark, George W.
Daugherty, Harvey P.
Demuth, Charles
Dodge, Arthur B.
Embsweiler, Ruth
Erb, Edna
Fordney, Alice Potter
Fordney, William Bush Jr.
Fordney, William Jenkins
Franklin, Ellen Julia Fordney
Gibbons, Alice McIlvaine
Gilbert, L. J.
Gingrich, Milton E.
Graybill, John M.
Griest, Charles J.
Higby, Everett
Hostetter, A. K.
Howe, John
Irvine, Blanche
Kent, William Winthrop
Knodle, Edward
Krone, Herbert B.
Lindenmuth, J. D.
Long, Yvonne
Maclay, Helen Hurley
Malone, Clarence
Morris, Charles R.
Morris, Grace M.
Nauman, Gertrude Colson
Orr, Barclay
Pennypacker, Charles A.
Pennypacker, James G.
Randall, Meda
Rannels, Paul
Stokes, Agnes M.
Strickler, Belle
Wolf, Emily
Other Creators
Muench, Sarah Ellmaker McIlvaine, d. 2006
Subjects
American newspapers--Sections, columns, etc.--Women
Antique dealers
Armstrong Cork Company
Armstrong World Industries
F. Schumacher & Co.
Farm Journal Media
House & Garden
Interior decoration
Letters
Montclair Art Museum
Patterns for crafts
Rugs
Rugs, Hooked
Student newspapers and periodicals
Woman's world magazine
Search Terms
Albert Steiger Company
Antique dealers
Antique sales
Armstrong Cork Company
Armstrong World Industries, Inc.
Berlinwork patterns
Blue and Brown (Yeates School)
Cheney Silks
Cheney Weaves
Christmas
Correspondence
Cricket Club
Dickinson Presbyterian Church
Estate sales
F. Schumacher and Company
Farm Journal Media
Fiber arts
Finding aids
Gilbert's store
Griest Homestead
Guernsey Sales Pavilion
Hager's Department Store
Hershey Fire Hall
Hooked rugs
House & Garden
Interior decoration
Kleinfelter's auction rooms
Letters
Manuscript groups
Montclair Art Museum
Odd Fellows Hall
Olson Rugs
Patterns for crafts
Rossmere Hotel
Rug patterns
Rugs
State Armory Hall
V-mail
Woman's World Magazine
Yeates School
Extent
3 boxes, 37 folders, 333 items, 1,015 pages to scan, 4.5 cubic ft.
Object Name
Archive
Language
English
Object ID
HC0001
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Associated Material
Sarah McIlvaine Muench Family Papers, MS 44 at Archives and Special Collections, Shadek-Fackenthal Library, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA.
Related Item Notes
See photograph collection.
See curatorial collection for examples of rugs.
Fordney Family Diaries (MG0539)
Notes
Preferred Citation: Title or description of item, date (day, month, year), Archive of Alice P. Fordney (HC0001), Box #, Folder #, LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
The kraft paper patterns in Folders 33-37 are restricted. Please make an appointment with the Director of Archival Services to view these items.
Copyright
Collection may not be photocopied. Please direct questions to Research Center Staff at research@lancasterhistory.org. Permission for reproduction and/or publication must be obtained in writing from LancasterHistory.
Credit
Courtesy of LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Accession Number
G.04.23.52
Classification
HC0001
Description Level
Fonds
Custodial History
From the Heritage Center of Lancaster County collection, G04.23.52.
Processed and finding aid prepared by MJ, June 2018.
Documents
Less detail
Collection
James Fleming Smith Family Papers
Title
James Fleming Smith Family Papers, 1821-1924
Object ID
MG0912
Date Range
1821-1924
collection contains letters, correspondence, documents, a copy book, marriage license, an issue of the Wrightsville Star newspaper and other ephemera of the family of James Fleming Smith (1807-1854) and his son, Howard Persifor Smith (1847-1872). Creator: LancasterHistory (Organization) Conditions for Access
  1 document  
Collection
James Fleming Smith Family Papers
Title
James Fleming Smith Family Papers, 1821-1924
Description
This collection contains letters, correspondence, documents, a copy book, marriage license, an issue of the Wrightsville Star newspaper and other ephemera of the family of James Fleming Smith (1807-1854) and his son, Howard Persifor Smith (1847-1872).
Admin/Biographical History
James Fleming Smith, son of Isaac Smith and Margaret Fleming, was born in 1807 in Lancaster County and died in 1854 in Wrightsville, York County. He married Elizabeth Schall, 3 September 1845, and had one child, Howard Persifor Smith, born in 1872.
Date Range
1821-1924
Year Range From
1821
Year Range To
1924
Date of Accumulation
1821-1924
Creator
LancasterHistory (Organization)
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives South
Storage Wall
Side 19
People
Baumgardner, Thomas
Haldeman, Peter
Mason, Richard
Putnam, A. B.
Schall, Jacob H.
Smith, Elizabeth Schall
Smith, Howard Persifor
Smith, Howard Persifor, Jr.
Smith, Isaac
Smith, James Fleming
Smith, Margaret Fleming
Smith, Mary Tucker Brubaker
Smith, Robert
Subjects
Letters
Search Terms
Correspondence
Finding aids
Genealogy
Letters
Manuscript groups
Marriage certificates
Newspapers
Wrightsville Star
Extent
7 folders
Object Name
Archive
Language
English
Object ID
MG0912
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Notes
Preferred Citation: Title or description of item, date (day, month, year), James Fleming Smith Family Papers, 1821-1924 (MG0912), Box #, Folder #, (or Object ID), LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. URL if applicable. Date accessed (day, month, year).
Access Conditions / Restrictions
No restrictions. Please request at the Reference Desk or contact Research@LancasterHistory.org prior to visit.
Copyright
Collection may be photographed. Please direct questions to Research Center Staff at Research@LancasterHistory.org.
Permission for reproduction and/or publication must be obtained in writing from LancasterHistory. Persons wishing to publish any material from this site must assume all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright or other use restrictions. Publication fees may apply.
Credit
Courtesy of LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Accession Number
Unknown.MG0912
Other Numbers
MG-912
Classification
MG0912
Description Level
Fonds
Custodial History
Transferred from Robert Smith family file 26 September 2002. Transferred from Document Collection, Box 32, Folder 3, 8 April 2022.
Documents
Less detail
Collection
Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection
Title
Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection, 1862-1931
Object ID
MG0338
Date Range
1862-1931
#, LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. People: McKinley, William Rose, Andrew Rose, Edgar Smith Rose, James McKinley Rose, Mary Rose, Samuel Warfel, Fanny Tripple, Cal Subject Headings: Genealogy Letters United States—History—Civil War, 1861-1865 Search Terms: Civil War Correspondence Finding aids Genealogy
  1 document  
Collection
Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection
Title
Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection, 1862-1931
Description
The Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection contains correspondence and genealogy about the family of William Rose. Civil War letters from Samuel Rose mention battles and troop movements.
Admin/Biographical History
William Rose moved to Pennsylvania from [Connecticut] and settled in Safe Harbor. He married Mary Ann Tripple, whose parents were from England. They had seven children. He owned a canal boat and worked along the canals in Pennsylvania. Their house stood near the Conestoga River.
William's brother Samuel fought in the Civil War. Family tradition states that Samuel Rose died 2 May 1863 at the Battle of Chancellorsville, nine days before his enlistment expired. He was wounded and carried to the edge of the woods. The woods were later set on fire and it is believed that Samuel perished there.
Date Range
1862-1931
Year Range From
1862
Year Range To
1931
Date of Accumulation
1862-1931
Creator
Rose Family
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives South
Storage Wall
Side 08
People
McKinley, William
Rose, Andrew
Rose, Edgar Smith
Rose, James McKinley
Rose, Mary
Rose, Samuel
Warfel, Fanny
Tripple, Cal
Subjects
Genealogy
Letters
United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
Search Terms
Civil War
Correspondence
Finding aids
Genealogy
Letters
Manuscript groups
Extent
1 box 1 folder .25 cubic ft.
Object Name
Archive
Language
English
Object ID
MG0338
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Related Item Notes
Civil War Collection (MG0018)
Notes
Preferred Citation: Title or description of item, date (day, month, year), Rose Family of Safe Harbor Collection (MG0338), Folder #, LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Restrictions are noted at the item level. Please request at the Reference Desk or contact Research@LancasterHistory.org prior to visit.
Copyright
Collection may be photographed. Please direct questions to Research Center Staff at Research@LancasterHistory.org.
Permission for reproduction and/or publication must be obtained in writing from LancasterHistory. Persons wishing to publish any material from this site must assume all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any claimants of copyright or other use restrictions. Publication fees may apply.
Credit
Courtesy of LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Accession Number
2003.MG0338
Other Numbers
MG-338
Classification
MG0338
Description Level
Fonds
Custodial History
Added to database 1 August 2022.
Documents
Less detail
Collection
Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection, Series 2
Title
Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection, Series 2
Object ID
MG0268_S02
Date Range
1759-1928
  1 document  
Collection
Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection, Series 2
Title
Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection, Series 2
Description
The Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection, Series 2 was carefully curated by Mr. Slaymaker and contains papers dating from the mid-eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. This series is primarily composed of correspondence related to business, railroads, legal affairs, and personal matters. The personal letters are rich in details of social history and genealogy. Legal documents include estate papers for the Fleming, Slaymaker, Leech, and Boyd families. The remaining documents include land surveys, receipts, tickets, accounts, bonds, and wills.
System of Arrangement
The Samuel R. Slaymaker II, White Chimneys Collection is divided into six series according to the original order; Series 1, 2 and 4 have been cataloged and are available for research.
Series 1 Trunk: SRS I and Minnie
Series 2 Document Boxes
Series 3 Family Papers
Series 4 Museum Cases and Metal Box
Series 5 Slaymaker Lock Company Records
Series 6 Papers of Samuel R. Slaymaker II
Date Range
1759-1928
Year Range From
1759
Year Range To
1928
Date of Accumulation
1759-1928
Creator
Slaymaker, Samuel Redsecker, 1923-1989
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives South
Storage Wall
Side 07
People
Slaymaker, Amos
Slaymaker, Henry Fleming
Slaymaker, Minnie Louise Cohr
Slaymaker, Samuel Cochran, 1828-1894
Slaymaker, Samuel Redsecker
Other Creators
Slaymaker family
Subjects
African Americans--History
Business records
Court records
Deeds
Family records
Invitation cards
Legal documents
Letters
Postmasters
Railroads--Pennsylvania
Railroads--Records and correspondence
Real property surveys--Pennsylvania
Kinzers (Pa.)
Lancaster County (Pa.)
Salisbury (Lancaster County, Pa. : Township)
Search Terms
Accounts
Business records
Columbia Store
Correspondence
Court records
Deeds
Enslaved persons
Family records
Finding aids
Invitations
Kinzers, Paradise Twp.
Legal documents
Letters
Manuscript groups
Persons of color
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company
Postmasters
Railroads
Railroads, Records and correspondence
Reading and Chesapeake Railroad
Reading and Columbia Railroad Company
Reading, Lancaster and Baltimore Railroad
Real property surveys
Receipts
Salisbury Twp.
White Chimneys
Wilmington and Reading Railroad
Extent
7 boxes, 113 folders, 3.5 cubic ft.
Object Name
Archive
Language
English
Object ID
MG0268_S02
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Related Item Notes
See also Photograph and Object Collections
Notes
Preferred Citation: Title or description of item, date (day, month, year), Collection Title (MG#), Series #, Box #, Folder #, (or Object ID), LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. URL if applicable. Date accessed (day, month, year).
Access Conditions / Restrictions
Restrictions are noted at the item level.
Copyright
Collection may not be photocopied. Please direct questions to Research Center Staff at Research@LancasterHistory.org. Permission for reproduction and/or publication must be obtained in writing from LancasterHistory.
Credit
Courtesy of LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Other Numbers
MG-268, Series 2
Classification
MG0268
Description Level
Series
Custodial History
Added to database 8 August 2022.
Much of this series was microfilmed by the Pennsylvania State Archives. The microfilmed items are noted within the finding aid and the microfilm is available in LancasterHistory's Research Center.
Documents
Less detail
Collection
Marriott Brosius Papers
Title
Marriott Brosius Papers
Object ID
MG0952
Date Range
1837-2000s
Collection
Marriott Brosius Papers
Title
Marriott Brosius Papers
Description
Marriott Brosius Papers:
Letter to Deborah T. Simmons Coates from [a sibling], 1837
Letter to Elizabeth Coates from Alice, 1862 (Elizabeth Jackson Coates, future wife of Marriott Brosius)
Civil War diary of Marriott Brosius, 1863-1865, with damage from bullet that shattered his arm (original, digital copy of images of each page and transcription)
Note from Gertrude (donor's g-g-grandmother) to her daughters Gertrude and Helen regarding the diary
Framed certificate: Commission to 2nd Lt., 97th Infantry
Pass for leave, Marriott Brosius, 1863
Digital and hardcopy of "Marriott Brosius story"
Digital and hardcopy of "Marriott Brosius military regiment history"
Date Range
1837-2000s
Date of Accumulation
1837-2000s
Creator
Reinhardsen, Jeffrey L.
Storage Location
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, PA
Storage Room
Archives North
Storage Wall
Side 12
People
Brosius, Marriott Henry
Coates, Deborah T. Simmons
Brosius, Elizabeth Jackson Coates
Coho, Gertrude Coates Brosius
Reinhardsen, Gertrude Brosius Coho
Vestey, Helen Elizabeth Coho
Subjects
Biographies
Diaries
Letters
Military promotions
United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865
United States. Army
United States. Army--Officers
Search Terms
Biographies
Civil War
Correspondence
Diaries
Finding aids
Letters
Manuscript groups
Military promotions
United States Army
Extent
7 items
Object Name
Archive
Language
English
Object ID
MG0952
Location of Originals
LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Access Conditions / Restrictions
This collection has not been cataloged, but may be used by appointment. Please contact Research@LancasterHistory.org at least two weeks prior to visit.
Credit
Courtesy of LancasterHistory, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Accession Number
2022.013
Other Numbers
MG-952
Classification
MG0952
Description Level
Fonds
Custodial History
Added to database 19 August 2022.
Less detail

10 records – page 1 of 1.