reigned supreme. Although charcoal was practically the only fuel used to any extent for smelting iron ore prior to 1840, and few innovations were made in the designs of blast furnaces and their auxiliary equipment in more than a century, some of the later charcoal furnaces were larger and produced more

Marietta-West Hempfield Township-Columbia area.94 A major contribution of the anthracite iron industry to Lancaster County's cultural heritage was the attraction of many Welsh workers to �this area. Early in the eighteenth century numerous Welsh settlers from northern and central Chester County located in

Philadelphia and meet at Lancaster, which they did on 27 September 1777. Their paths thither took a northern route, arching through Berks and Northampton counties to avoid any British patrols that might be lurking in central Chester County. Upon reaching Lancaster, members of the Congress discovered the town

presentations would be staged in Quarryville Memorial Park on a large old flat bed trailer, today's answer to the Conestoga wagon. When the Southern Lancaster County Historical Society, Inc, was ap- proached, it decided to portray the Christiana Riot of 1851 as its presentation. Your president and editor

Clio's Century: A History of Lancaster's Cliosophic Society John Ward Willson Loose Few communities in the nation can boast an anomaly quite like the Cliosophic Society. The arts of conversation and genteel discussion, alas, no longer seem to be part of our national culture. Literary societies have

before itinerant judges who travelled their circuits twice yearly. The close relationship between the keepers of the peace and the judges was an education not lost on the keepers.' Midway through the fourteenth century, King Edward III had parliament enact a statute that ordered each English county to

Nyberg, a Swedish Lutheran pastor who subsequently adopted Moravian religious views and was deposed from the Lutheran Church, ending the two-year existence of St. James. The above list does not pretend to be all-inclusive and absolutely accu- rate: it is the best compilation the editor could assemble

to those of a sheriff. The constable also is an ancient office. As late as the fifteenth century English constables (not to be confused with the modern British police officer) had nearly unlimited powers granted by the king. Very early the constable was in charge of the kingdom's defense and provost

The Effort to Build a State Penitentiary at Lancaster A Bit of Local History Recently the Lancaster County Historical Society purchased at a public sale several documents for a modest sum. One of the documents was a "memori- al" sent to the Pennsylvania legislature by the Commissioners of Lancaster

. When Lancaster became a city in 1818, the same accommodations were used until 1854 when the Lancaster County government left Penn Square and moved to the northwest corner of Duke and King Streets. The former county office building at the corner of West King and Penn Square became the city hall. In 1874