-bent Federalist party. After 1810, as conditions grew worse between the United States and Britain and foreign relations became strained, the Federalists of Pennsylvania united, determined to prevent a declaration of war against England. In Lancaster, the Federalists' first real opposition to the Madi

the Northern Negro". New England Quarterly, XXXIV (March, 1961), 50-73. "The Federal Government and the Free Negro, 1790-1860". Jour- nal of Negro History, XLIII (1958), 261-278. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Meier, August

defense of the public and private pro- perty within this department, and will be mustered into the service of the United States, to serve during the pleasure of the President or the contin- uance of the war. . . . They will be armed, uniformed, equipped, and, while in active service, subsisted and

and to others as the War between the States, it ill behooves us to deal in rancor, to reopen old sores, or to utter calumnious words. Rather let us recall with pride the martial deeds of the boys from our own county, marvel at the manner in which they en- dured hardships, and sorrow anew at the

attempts to have it moved. On April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was attacked and the great Civil War of the United States was underway. Both North and Souh called upon its citizens to back its stand. In the North, all the citizens were called upon to do their duty and stand by the Stars and Stripes and sup- port

Kline represented the United States Government, resistance to his authority was considered treason. The crime of treason is clearly defined in the Constitution: "Treason 'against the United States, shall con- sist in only levying War against them, or adhering to their Enemies, giv- ing them Aid and

Indians, thus taking over the market previously held by foreign gunmakers.14 The plains Indian therefore obtained weapons from two sources —the American transacters who were still active in the business, and the United States Government which furnished rifles to many of the tribes for subsistence purposes

survival of the United States. A great Greek civil war had been fought and a meaningful history written. Yet this legacy did not prevent the War Between the States. Does the legacy of wars in the past leave us today with the hopelessness of generalization that armed conflict is unavoidable? Not necessarily

Turnout for Presidential Elections in Lancaster and York Counties: 1876-1960 Daryl Fair Since the present Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania went into effect in 1874, the electorates of the United States, the Com- monwealth, and York and Lancaster counties have undergone various

, he met Joel Barlow, the American statesman. He was really a citizen of two worlds. Although an American patriot, he stayed in France throughout the Revolution. As a politician, he was there to avert a disaster of a war between France and the United States. When Joel Barlow and his wife Ruth met